0:00 hi
I'm John Green this is crash course US history and today we're going to talk
0:03 about
what are the worst relationships in American history
0:06 no
thought bubble not my college girlfriend and me mystery
0:10 your
relationship with your high school girlfriend know me from the past you and
0:13 I
both know that I didn't have a high school girlfriend no I'm talking about
0:16 the
relationship between Native Americans and
0:18 English
settlers
0:26 p
so you gotta remember from last week the first English settlers came to the
0:31 Chesapeake
area now Virginia in 1607
0:34 the
way and English found with the course already inhabited by Indian
0:37 tribes
unified under the leadership of Chief walking Sonica and I will remind
0:41 you
that mispronouncing things is my thing
0:43 the
English got this chief Paul happened because of course mispronouncing things
0:46 was
also very thankful Hatton was actually his title and the name of his
0:49 tribe
but to say that the English lacked cultural sensitivity would be an
0:52 understatement
so perhaps
0:53 didn't
get to be the leader over 30 tribes by being a dummy and he quickly
0:56 realized
that one
0:58 the
English were pretty clueless when it came to not dying of starvation and
1:02 to
they were useful because they had guns so he decided to help them in the
1:06 English
were indeed grateful
1:07 in
fact colony leader John Smith went so far as to order the colonists to stop
1:11 stealing
food from the Indian law in the book business this is known as
1:15 foreshadowing
1:16 so
as previously noted relationships whether between individuals or
1:19 collective
1:20 tend
to go well when they are mutually beneficial and for a while both the
1:24 English
1:24 and
the Indians were better off for these interactions I mean you know
1:28 post
smallpox the Virginia Company existed to make money and since the
1:31 Chesapeake
lacked gold or silver making money
1:34 required
free okay let's go to thought bubble we tend to think of trade between
1:38 Europeans
and natives as being a one-way exchange like savvy
1:41 exploitative
Europeans tricking primitive pure indigenous people in the
1:45 unfair
deals
1:46 but
that isn't quite accurate both sides traded goods that they had in surplus
1:51 for
those they did not
1:52 the
English were happy to give up iron utensils tunes
1:56 guns
woven cloth in exchange for furs and especially in the early days
2:01 food
which the Indians could is the part with because they had plenty
2:04 soon
though there were problems in order to keep up trade relations Indian men
2:08 devoted
more time to hunting and less
2:11 to
agriculture which upset traditional gender balance in their society
2:14 and
European ideas about land you started to overcome traditional
2:18 in
good ways of life and that led to con the English like defense in some of
2:23 their
way in which kept the Indians
2:24 of
it and also the English with their pigs and cattle roam freely
2:28 in
the animals with the natives crops and as Europeans appetite for furs grew
2:33 Indian
tribes began to fight with each other over access to the best hunting
2:36 grounds
willing to enter tribal warfare
2:38 which
suddenly including guns but this was still a relatively calm time yes at
2:43 one
point john smith was captured by the Indians it had to be
2:46 saved
by Paul happens daughter Pocahontas but this was probably all
2:49 ritual
planned by perhaps
2:51 to
demonstrate his dominance over the English Pocahontas never married John
2:54 Smith
by the way but she was kidnapped by the English and held for ransom in
2:58 1613
and she did eventually marry another Englishman John Rolfe
3:02 she
converted to Christianity and went to England where she became a sensation
3:05 and
died of disease stupid disease always the same the course of human
3:09 history
3:10 anyway
despite not marrying Pocahontas John Smith is still important to the
3:13 story
because when he left Virginia for England after being injured in a gun
3:16 powder
explosions
3:17 things
between the native Americans and English immediately began to deteriorate
3:22 how
well the English went back to stealing Indians crops and also began
3:25 stealing
their lives via massacres
3:28 thanks
top-level menu for sure know how to end on a downer although to be fair
3:31 there
not a lot about a person this story so after a period piece phone
3:34 program
on his marriage to Jon Ralph in 1614 dramatized here
3:38 things
finally came to a head in 1622 when she Papa Chen could have led a
3:41 rebellion
against the English
3:43 become
abundantly clear that more and more English we're going to show up and
3:45 they
were just there to trade they wanted to take Indian land but the
3:48 English
truck back as empires will end the uprising in 1622 ultimately fail
3:53 and
after another failed uprising in 1644 the 2000 remaining native Americans
3:57 were
forced to sign a treaty that can sign them to reservations in the West
4:00 well
the West Virginia at least to the 16-22 uprising was the final nail in the
4:04 coffin
of the Virginia Company which was a failure in
4:07 every
way it never turned a profit and despite sponsoring 6,000 Colin is by
4:11 1644
when Virginia became a royal colony only 1200 those people were still alive
4:16 proving
once again
4:17 that
governments are better at governing the incorporation of a new England
4:22 you'll
recall that the pilgrims probably wouldn't survive their first winter
4:25 without
help from the Native Americans which of course led to the first
4:27 Thanksgiving
and then centuries have mutually beneficial trade in generosity
4:32 just
get it while so many Puritans who settled in New England notably Roger
4:35 Williams
tried to treat the Indians
4:36 fairly
in general it was very similar to what we saw in the Chesapeake
4:40 settlers
thought Native Americans could be replaced because they weren't
4:42 properly
using the land know John Winthrop do you remember from last week
4:46 at
least
4:47 realize
that it was better to buy land from Indians then just take it to a
4:50 bearded
man purchases usually came with strings attached the main string being
4:54 that
the Native Americans had to submit
4:56 English
at the word not appear to rather conflicted you with the Indians on the
4:59 one
hand they saw natives as he didn't in need of salvation as evidenced by the
5:03 Massachusetts
feel which features an Indian thing come over and help of
5:07 on
the other hand they recognize that the Native American Way of life with its
5:10 relative
abundance and equality especially when it came to women might
5:13 be
tempting to some people who might wanna
5:15 go
native this was such a concern that in 1642 the Massachusetts General Court
5:20 prescribed
a sentence of three years hard labor for anyone who left the
5:24 colony
and went to leave with the indigenous people there was even an
5:27 anti-India
propaganda in the former books captivity narratives in which
5:30 Europeans
recounted their desire to return to Christian society after
5:34 winning
with the Indians were quite popular
5:36 even
though some like the famous sovereignty and goodness of God by Mary
5:40 Rowlandson
5:41 did
admit that the Indians of untreated the European captives quite well
5:45 doing
that native population lack an overarching leader like Paul happen but
5:48 by
1637 the inevitable conflict between the English
5:51 and
the Indians did happen it was called the people at work after some peak was
5:55 killed
in English for Trader soldiers from Massachusetts the newly formed
5:58 colony
of Connecticut and some Narragansett Indians who saw an
6:01 opportunity
to gain an upper hand over the peak what
6:03 attacked
a peak what village at Mystic burning it and massacring over 500
6:08 people
6:08 the
war continued for a few months after this but to call it a war is in a way to
6:11 give
it too much credit the Indians were overmatched from the beginning and by
6:15 the
end on most all of them had been massacred or sold into slavery in the
6:19 Caribbean
were opened up the Connecticut River to further settlement it also
6:22 showed
that Native Americans were going to have a tough time resisting because
6:25 they
were outnumbered and they had inferior weapons but the brutality of
6:28 the
massacre in Mystic shock even some puritans like William Bradford who wrote
6:32 it
was a fearful sight to see them from buying in the fire but despite the odds
6:36 doing
the natives continued to resist the English 1675 Native Americans once
6:40 the
biggest attack on New England colonists in what would come to be known
6:42 as
King Philip's War
6:44 it
was bed by 10 and chief name Edicom which is why it is also sometimes called
6:47 Mediacom
swarm the English called Mediacom King Philip due to their fantastic
6:51 cultural
sensitivity
6:53 the
conflict was marked by brutality on both sides and it nearly ended English
6:57 settlements
in the Northeast the fighting itself lasted two years
7:00 Indians
attacked after the ninety towns the English and founded in 12 those
7:04 towns
were destroyed about 1,000 the 52,000 Europeans and 3,000
7:09 the
twenty thousand Indians involve died in the war as I mentioned before the war
7:12 was
particularly brutal the battle with the Great Swamp was really just a sacred
7:16 Indians
by the English and when King Philip was finally killed ending the war
7:20 his
decapitated head was placed on a stake in the Plymouth town square where
7:24 it
remained for decades and on the other side well to quote Nathaniel Saltonstall
7:28 who
lived through the war he then rarely give quarter to those that they take but
7:32 if
they were women
7:33 they
first forced them to satisfy their filthy worst sin then murdered them
7:36 someone's
going on to describe a particularly brutal way that natives
7:39 would
kill colonists count by cutting their bellies and letting them go
7:43 several
days
7:44 trailing
their guts after dawn that indigenous people would reserve such
7:48 brutality
for livestock says something really important about this war
7:51 the
Indians correctly so European colonization as a threat to their way of
7:55 what
and that included the animals who trample Indians land and whose grazing
7:58 patterns
require the English to take more and more territory some other
8:02 stories
told about Native American brutality also suggest the symbolic
8:05 nature
of this war like one English colonists was disemboweled and had a
8:09 bible
stock in his body cavity supposedly the natives who buried him
8:12 explain
8:13 you
English since you came into this country have grown exceeding the above
8:16 the
ground
8:17 let
us see how well you grow when planted into the ground but it wasn't
8:20 just
the Indians who felt their way of life being threatened it's time for this
8:23 week's
mystery document
8:27 the
rules here simple I read mister document I try to guess its author if
8:30 I'm
right I don't get shocked with the shock pen
8:32 if
i'm wrong. I do the righteous God hath heightened or calamity and given
8:37 commission
to the barbarous he them to rise up against us and to become
8:41 smart
broad and a severe scored to us in burning Andy populating several hopeful
8:47 plantations
8:48 murdering
many of our people have all sorts and seeming as it were to cast is
8:52 off
8:53 here
by speaking aloud to us to search and try out our ways and turn again unto
8:57 the
Lord our God from whom we have departed with a great backsliding
9:02 okay
I don't know this one something to piece it together we have a poor old
9:06 narrator
9:06 that's
important even the monotheistic feels like the heathens in this context
9:10 likely
the native Americans have been sent as a school words or
9:14 scourge
as it is apparently properly pronounced what I'm from Alabama I don't
9:19 know
how to see a ton of work I mean I just recently when the euro check your
9:21 yahoo
mail you check your yahoo mail handler who is over already
9:25 right
so poor on their eight er scourge great backsliding
9:29 I
lost a no-hit shot the laws of war passed by the General Court of
9:36 Massachusetts
in 1675 are you getting from now on the mystery document must
9:39 always
be written by a single human person hate this
9:43 made
this so much worse now because I've had it before so now it's gonna %ah
9:49 shows
is the way the Puritans understand the world but it also shows us that
9:52 within
fifty years if its founding puritans already felt the mission of
9:56 their
colony to be a great Christian community was already kind of a failure
10:00 if they've been is right just as they were supposed to be God
wouldn't have
10:03 sent the Indians to burn their homes and killed so it's
important to understand
10:06 that this was a war to preserve a way of life for both the
Indians
10:09 and English and that brings us to another question what's the
point of
10:12 even telling these bloody stories about massacres and
atrocities
10:16 one point is to remind ourselves that much what we were in
about American
10:19 history like all history has been cleaned up to conform to our
10:22 mythological view
10:24 love ourselves native Americans have been so successfully
marginalized both
10:27 hically and metaphorically that its easy to either forget
about them or
10:31 else to view them merely as people to be pitied
10:34 reviled but it's important to know the ways that they resisted
colonization
10:37 because it reminds us that Native Americans were people who
acted
10:40in history not just people who
were acted upon by
10:44 and it also reminds us that the history of indigenous people
on this way and
10:47 masses in separate from American history
10:50 it's an essential part of it thanks for watching we'll see
next week
10:53 crash course is produced and directed by Stan our script
supervisor is marriage
10:57 tanker this issue users Danika Johnson insurers written by my
high school
11:00 history teacher remind myself or graphics team
11:03 this of course but it is your please ask them and comments
will be answered by
11:07 our
11:07 practice story by where fewer practice towards the team
11:10 exit historians not in the historians who study crack cocaine
thanks for
11:14 watching this is a mile down don't forget the office
